The Internets Involvement In Society Essays - Cultural Globalization

The Internet's Involvement In Society The Internet is a new revolution to all of mankind. People are using computers for tasks unimaginable ten years ago. This paper will share with you ideas on computer use and the Internet in the twenty-first century. The Internet, introduced to consumers in 1996, has grown immensely over the past four years. Other technologies took up to thirty-eight years to reach fifty million people. The Internet only took four years to reach well over fifty million users. The Internet's extreme rate of growth will continue while we have no idea where it will take us. The Internet is becoming the most important tool to humans today. There are many different uses for every kind of person. For instance, online banking saves time and money over traditional banking. Small businesses have been rewriting the rules to commerce with the use of the Internet. Kendra Bonnett states: Just three years ago a study for Internet commerce estimated that thirty-seven million people in North America (age sixteen and older) had access to the Internet. Among this group, twenty-four million reported that they have used the Internet during the last three months, and only seven percent have purchased products or services over the Internet. (An IBM guide to doing e-business, 2000, p. 9) The number of people involved with the Internet is what makes it such a success. The Internet will continue to grow while people find more uses for it every day. It is able to find information on any topic imagined at your greatest convenience. As the Internet keeps growing, problems continue growing as well. With the help of the Internet, people are distributing copyrighted data for a profit. This is data that should be sold in the retail market. Examples would be musical files, games, and applications. Stefan Ventroni (2000), an attorney for Hit Box Music, believes that the rights of creative artists are being trampled on because of the Internet (p.1). Each album on compact disc can costs up to fifteen dollars purchased legally. These albums were downloaded for free more than 1,000 times via the Internet. All laws enforced in the real world still apply to the virtual world. We have to use responsibility when applying this new amazing tool to our lives. This will soon be realized as the two worlds slowly merge into one. In conclusion, the new technologies involving computers are opening doors unexplored and nobody knows where it will take us as a society. Author Nicholas Stein (2000) states, The Internet will effect our society in such dramatic ways that humans can not prepare or predict (p.182). Bibliography International Business Machines Corporation. (1998). An IBM guide for doing e-business. United States: Kendra R. Bonnett. Nicholas Stien, Fortune (2000, February). The Renaissance man of e-commerce. E-company, p. 181-188. Stefan Ventroni. (2000). Technology News. The urges for wider Internet access, 1. Retrieved March 24, 2000 from the World Wide Web: http://www.nandotimes.com/tech-nology/story/0,1643,500197426-500270666-501421377-0,00.html

Fires of Jubilee Part One Essays

Fires of Jubilee Part One Essays Fires of Jubilee Part One Essay Fires of Jubilee Part One Essay When reading part one of Fires of Jubilee, there was a lot of things that stood out to me and had me thinking. The first thing that stood out to me was that Nat’s mother tried to kill him when he was a baby because she didn’t want him to grow up a slave. She didn’t want him to grow up in such a harsh environment and be treated poorly all his life and didn’t want to see those things happening to her own child. When everyone started recognizing that Nat was very bright for his age and that he could recall things that happened before he was born was when I started to really get into the book. I also thought it was crazy that he could read and write because no one recalls someone teaching him his letters and how to read. I don’t see why Nat’s father left behind him and his mother but I can see why he escaped to the north to not be enslaved by the white man anymore. When Samuel would use Christianity to scare the slaves into obedience and I though t that was a captivating spot in the chapter. Most southerners were very religious and dedicated Christians. The main thought that slave owners would try and scare slaves with was that God was supreme and allows slavery because whites are superior to blacks. Lazy slaves and ones who questioned would burn in hell for eternity, and even thinking about escaping was the work of the devil. To me, this was something i read over a few times because these owners were so worried about them running away and escaping that they would turn around the word of God and use it in such a twisted way just to scare people into staying and not running away to their freedom. The point that the author is trying to get across is that the life of African slaves was very hard. They were living a good life in the homeland just doing what they could to strive in that land until the white man came and starting taking all of them by force. In Nats instance, he was born into slavery so he didn’t have to go throug :

Two Descriptions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Two Descriptions - Essay Example With tears of grief in my eyes, I looked helplessly at the pale moon. Imagining my father’s face in the moon, to me the thin strands of black clouds across it appeared as black hair combed back across the top of my father’s head. The sky was crying with me, I stared at her as she turned her beautifully sculptured face towards the sky once again as if remembering that dear one once again and gave out a cry of grief. My heart cried with her and the dark night cried with us too. The roar of the thunder made me cry even more and as I watched her disappear along the street, I once again became aware of my loneliness. The night seemed to engulf me into its eerie darkness and helplessly I eyed the rain drops sliding down my window pane as tears rolled down my face. From the kitchen window, one night I saw a beautiful woman playfully jerking back her rain sleeked coat with such joy that people crossing the road turned around to laugh with her. Rain drops drizzled off the brim of her beautiful hat. Tonight the rain was exceptionally serene and I wanted to dance to the rhythm of the falling raindrops. I gazed out at the happy woman as she lifted her face up to the sky and smiled at the moon. I followed her gaze and stared at the faint moon peeking from the dark wisps of clouds. I imagined my father’s smiling face in the moon, to me the thin strands of black clouds across it appeared as black hair combed back across the top of my father’s head. The sky seemed to shed tears of happiness as I laughed out loud remembering my father’s little pranks. The woman danced gingerly on the damp street and turned her gaze once again to the smiling moon. Rain drops kissed her face as she closed her eyes and lifted her face up to the sky. The rain droplets seemed to tinkle her face because she gave out a cry of joy and pleasure. I laughed with her as the sky brightened with lightening and the thunder

An Accounting Career Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

An Accounting Career - Research Paper Example It also looks at the salary scale, with emphasis on the average annual entry level salary as well as the salaries paid to persons who hold the CPA qualification in the state of Mississippi. Introduction Choosing a career is one of the most important decisions that a person will ever make in a lifetime. It is not uncommon for students to start college without any thought or knowledge of what it is that they would like to do as a career. This is so despite the number of career fairs that are held in high school and the resources available on the web and in school libraries. The most important aspects of the accounting profession are the skills required, duties performed and the salary it offers. These represent major considerations when making a decision on career choices. Skills Accounting is a very demanding career. Therefore, in addition to knowledge and qualifications the accountant is required to have a variety of skills. They include but are not limited to communication, presenta tion, information technology, analytical, computation, and critical thinking skills. Good communication skills are very important especially when a job function requires dealing with people at all levels inside and outside the organization. The accountant has to deal with the staff below the position held as well as those in authority. It is a reporting position so at all times reports of one kind or another have to be prepared. These have to be properly communicated both orally and in writing. According to Career Infonet (2011) active listening and speaking skills are required. Active listening involves giving total attention to what others are saying and taking time out to understand what is being said and asking the appropriate questions and interrupting only when appropriate (Career Infonet 2011). Information has to presented properly present so that others can understand. Information technology will also be required to aid in presentations to management as well as to input, pro cessing and summarizing information. In terms of presenting information accountants can use PowerPoint presentation. In terms of summarizing ability to use one or more accounting software packages as well as a spreadsheet is important. Accountants are required to analyze and evaluate accounting and other information. They need to be able to indicate reasons why figures change from one year to the other so that they can make proper recommendations on how to reduce expenses and so increase profitability. The ability to carry out basic computations is very important. All accountant jobs involve figures and there accuracy is key to becoming a good accountant. Critical thinking skills are very important. The accountant is required to use logic and reasoning in identifying the strengths and weakness that may arise from various alternatives relating to the solution of a problem. Duties Accountants perform a wide range of tasks some of which are specific to the profession and some of which are generalized work activities. Completing these tasks play a major role in getting a job done properly. According to Career Infonet (2011) the accounting specific tasks include advising clients in various areas such as compensation, health benefits, design of data processing systems as well as tax planning. They prepare tax computations as well as ensure that organizations that use their services or to which they are employed comply with the requirements of the tax authorities. Additionally, accountants develop, maintain and analyze budgets for clients with the use of information technology. They also prepare financial statements which indicate the financial position and financial performance of organizations including their as well as cash flow statements. Some general duties

Exam - 1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Exam - 1 - Essay Example It is now possible for companies to share communication with their customers and partners, through interactive means such as the web browsers, while also combining technologies from different vendors without experiencing problems (Applegate, Austin & Soule, 2009:286). The cost involved in implementing better-performing technologies has drastically reduced, since there is now more competition among the vendors, thus reducing the prices of their products (Applegate, Austin & Soule, 2009:286). The drivers of those changes include global internet access. The immense growth in internet has made it possible and easier to access varied computer applications regardless of where they are hosted, thus making software access easier and inexpensive (Applegate, Austin & Soule, 2009:288). Additionally, reduced lead time to market and the norm of 24-hour operations for businesses have served to improve the accessibility of diverse technologies, since the competition between vendors has reduced the time involved in delivering such products to the market. Skills shortage has also served to drive the changes in IT service model, since the shortage of qualified IT experts has forced business to continuously demand improved capabilities from the professionals, which has in turn served to deliver new products (Applegate, Austin & Soule, 2009:288). The new service models are servers housed locally, which serves to enhance the physical proximity between the location of server machines and places where people are using the software, an aspect that has in itself, brought about more efficiency (Applegate, Austin & Soule, 2009:287). Further, the new service models entail software designed for high geographical distance operations, making it possible for the storage of files and documents in one geographical location, and the access and use of the same

Analysis of the Flying Geese Model for Japan

Analysis of the Flying Geese Model for Japan The last 15 years we have observed an enormous growth of activity by multinational corporations, as measured by inflows and outflows of foreign direct investment (FDI). On the other hand of world-wide growth, Japan is in the 18th year of stagnation with a prolonged financial malaise. Almost two decades ago, Japans phenomenal growth was admired and even feared as unstoppable in the world. It is almost shrinking economy. However FDI has grown much faster. The worldwide nominal GDP increased at 7.2 percent per year. Also the worldwide imports grew at 9.2 percent and worldwide nominal inflows of FDI increased at 17.6 percent between 1985 and 1997. In the 80s to late 80s, we have observed Japanese financial bubble which was based on industrial advance after the Second World War. These figures mentioned above prove the new financial investments while Japanese economy was growing rapidly, retained earnings of affiliates, and cross border mergers and acquisitions during grew within 70s to 90 s. In this paper, the flying-geese model is useful in capturing the essence of Japans successful industrial upgrading and Asias trade-led growth against world economies but fails to explain why such success would ever lead to the present economic predicament and still happening especially in China even the world economic crisis. This is because it ignores the institutional, especially financial, underpinning of Japans catch-up strategy. Japanese academic scholars and policymakers came to often described Japans industrial advance in terms of the catching-up growth with a model so-called flying-geese model. This model was well-used among media also. What were the key enabling institutional features of Japans once effective Flying Geese catch-up strategy? How did they function? Why did they come to cause the 1987 1990 bubble and the current financial imbroglio? How did Japan increase Outward FDI? How will Japan be reformed? Also by using Flying Geese model argues that the conventional Flying Geese model of catch-up strategy, though instrumental in depicting the essence of latecomers (notably Japans) industrial upgrading and Asias trade-led growth, has so far neglected the institutional (especially financial) dimension of such a catch-up, that Japans present financial imbroglio is paradoxically the very outcome of its successful Flying Geese strategy that was once pursued under a special set of institutional arrangements after the Second World War that is, the Flying Geese catch-up regime became soon obsolete and even rigidified over years, trapping Japan in the present financial quagmire, and so far, the reform is, strangely enough, market driven in the sense that two key market imperatives inward mergers and acquisitions (MAs) by foreign investors and the mandate of the Net-Driven New Economy-have begun to compel Japan to remold itself more compatible with the norms of global capitalism. Mergers and acquisitions (MA) are a large proportion of the whole especially, among the developed countries with their value constituting 49 percent of total FDI flows in 1996 and 58 percent in 1997 (UNCTAD, 1998). Between 1983 and 1995, foreign affiliates of all nationalities accounted for between one-quarter and one-third of worldwide exports, according to figures from UNCTAD (1998). It is noteworthy that Japan once did play the role of Asias leading target of FDI Inflow before the burst of the 1987- 1990 asset bubble. Some commentators have estimated that multinationals are responsible for 75 percent of the worlds commodity trade (Dunning, 1993). Firms that invest often have some type of intangible asset they want to keep within the firm, rather than exploit through licensing. Furthermore, investing firms are often the larger firms in their industries. All these developments and issues need to be examined as path-dependent evolutionary events within a reformulated the flying-geese model, an institutional model of Flying Geese catch-up. In microeconomic aspect, this paper emphasizes those causes of Japans current predicaments that are not adequately examined. Japan is not in a real-sector crisis; its fundamentals (technological and productive capabilities and wealth accumulation, through there is definitely a hangover of excess capacity) are as strong as ever. It is in an institutional crisis. There are good reasons why reforms are so hesitantly implemented that is, not so swiftly and son decisively as outside pundits think Japan should do, particularly when they apply the logic of Anglo-American market-based tenets. In the contrast of world macro point of view in the model, also focusing into micro aspect, After-all explaining how Japanese economy grew rapidly to catch-up western economies, this paper would like to introduce micro aspects of the world entities by using two distinct types of theoretical models describe the two distinct forms of multinational activity. In models of horizontal activity, mainly focus a trade-off between the fixed costs involved when a company setting up a new plant and the saving transport and tariffs in variable costs on exports. These factors are the key concerns to make the decision for any entities to go multinational. In models of vertical activity, since there is a cost difference in the world for example labour cost, low material cost, and so on. This kind of cost difference is a factor to attract many entities to invest Foreign Direct Investment. Tariffs and transport costs both encourage vertical multinational activity, by expanding price differences. There are disadvantage if headquarters and the affiliates pay more expensive cost. Those two types of models are used to observe latest multinational activity My second objectives in this paper are to discover main facts and tendencies about the multinational activities by different geographical regions to explain these facts by using the horizontal and vertical comparison as well as flying-geese model. My focus from regions, country down to Japan on the location of FDI means that this is not a comprehensive survey of all issues raised by FDI. With overview of theory, I also introduce an overview of the facts about the location of multinationals. Empirical studies explain the pattern of regional location especially Japan. 1. INTRODUCTION I.I. The top largest amount of foreign direct investment (FDI) is between high income developed countries, U.S. (US$2,093Bil.), U.K. (US$1,348Bil.), France (US$1,026Bil.), Germany (US$630Bil.), Canada (US$521Bil.), Italy (US$364Bil.), Russia (US$324Bil.), Japan (US$133Bil.), and noticeably Belgium (US$748Bi1.), Netherland (US$673Bil.), Spain (US$537Bil.), which are also received high amount of FDI. Among BRICS, we must note that China (US$1,511Bil.), Brazil (US$328Bil.), and India (US$76Bil.), which are increasing. The rest in 2007 figure of GDP but there has been rapid growth of investment in some developing and transition regions during the 1990s. Thus, the ratio of FDI inflows to GDP has remained fairly stable for developed countries, at around 0.9% of GDP. But for developing and transition countries, this ratio has increased from 0.8% in the late 1980s to 1.9% in the mid-1990s. Outward investment from developing countries has also risen recently, but remains modest compared to bo th developing country GDP and total world outward investment. 1.2 In the mid-1990s, multinational firms undertook total 66% of US exports. Also 45% of these exports went directly to affiliate companies. The one of the biggest economy in the world is U.S. for over four decades. Take a look of US affiliates in this case as an example. The US affiliates which produces their service and products in overseas is three times larger than US exports. It is important for the multinationals in the world economy has steadily increased in micro aspect which is not happening right now controversially. Multinational activity in high income countries where as developed countries are overwhelmingly remaining the equal level as previous years as horizontal. This type of economy involves in production in overseas then import to the host country market. There is a higher proportion of activity in developing countries as `vertical which involves that manufacture of intermediate stages of the production process then ship to home country to assemble to the final products. Thus, less than 10% of Japanese affiliate production in the EU is sold back to Japan, compared to the numerous affiliates who brings goods back from developing countries 20% or more. There is similar case as Japan to US affiliates also. Only 4% of US affiliate production in the EU is sold back to the US, whereas for developing countries the figure goes up to 18%. Surprisingly, from Mexico more than 40% goods are brought back to US market. This trend tends to be all over the world where they produce service or products in the local market and generate the turn-over within the same strategic region. 1.4 A large share of investment stays close to home-country or neighbouring countries. For example, US investments tends to be heading towards EU countries to adjust for distance with the largest markets which the home countries are culturally-familiar. FDI is a good deal more geographically concentrated than either exports or production as a whole. Thus, while US affiliate production in Europe is as about 7 times larger than US exports to Europe, this ratio goes down to about 4 times for the rest of developed countries and to almost 1.6 for developing countries. 1.5 There are more horizontal investments by the major outward investors in large markets. For the US invests more towards Europe, and especially the UK. Because of there are no barrio in language, which may help. For Japan and Europe directs their investments towards the US but the majority of investment from EU stays within the EU region also. There are certain tendencies we can observe that the major outward investments direct close to their neighbouring countries for example from the US to Mexico, the EU towards Central and Eastern Europe, and Japan to Asia. 1.6 The scale of multinational activity is probably better measured by looking FDI flows and together with sales of multinational firms. We can observe more FDI supply within developed countries predominantly. The most of developed countries controlled 89.8 percent of worldwide FDI stock in1997, compared to 10.2 percent for the developing and transition countries. In 1996, there was $612.0 billion worth of goods exported but about 66 percent of the goods were exported by US multinational parent companies. The most of US multinational parental companies were sold to exporters own foreign affiliates or related companies. Recent FDI flows show some decline in the dominance by the developed countries; whereas during the period 1988-92 they accounted for 92.5 percent of total FDI outflows, but due to Japanese bubble burst and Asian Currency crisis during the five years from 1993 to 1997. The share fell down to 85.3 percent. From 1988 to 1992, developed countries received FDI inflows at an average annual rate of 0.90 percent of their GDP. On the same period, developing and transition countries received FDI at an average annual rate of 0.78 percent of their GDP. The inflow rate of developing and transition countries doubled to almost 1.91 percent of their GDP from 1993 to 1997. There was decrease among developed countries slightly down to 0.87 percent. The share of worldwide FDI inflow increased from 21.8 during 1988 to 1992 to 39.8 percent in the 1993 to 1997 period at the developing and transition economies period. As we can observe in the figure 1, there was dramatically increased. The vivid difference between developing countries and transition countries to developed countries is measured by sheer economic size, and the difference in outflows relative to GDP is perhaps less than might be expected. The distribution of FDI is quite uneven among developing countries. From the 1993 to 1997, only 10 countries as Singapore, Malaysia, China, Indonesia, Mexico, Chile, Brazil, Argentina, Hungary, and Poland accounted for two-thirds of all inward flows. China alone received an annual average of 30.6 percent. Indeed, China has the biggest increase in flows among developing countries. Total world FDI flow rose from $3.2 billion (2.9 percent) during 1988 to 1992, to $45.3 billion (12.2 percent) for 1993 to 1997. This means it increased 14.2 times bigger in amount which counts about five percent of Chinas GDP in 1997, remains strong still. The main sources are Considered to be Chinese business groups resident in Asia, Chinese businesses resident in China. In contrast, there is part of this world where it has decreased FDI in time to time. All of sub-Saharan Africa including South Africa received an annual average of 3.2 percent during 1993 and 1997, a decrease of almost 2.1 percentage points from the annual average of 5.3 percent during the 1988 to 1992 period. There is slight increase sub-Saharan Africas share, during 1988 and 1992 from around 1.0 percent, to around 1.3 percent between 1993 and 1997. This helped in its inflows of FDI relative to host country income, as in figure 1, where I see some increase in FDI to Africa, but at levels downsized by more inflows to East Asia and Latin America. Within developed countries, the share of the worlds FDI stock was as follows; the US who controlled 25.6 percent, compared to 45.1 percent for the European Union 15, and 8.0 percent for Japan in 1997. So the biggest single country investor was the US then to Japan in percentage-wise. Japan is in the economic doldrums and even in a potentially imploding financial crisis at that time. It struggles to rebound from a decade of stagnation. However, Japan still invested towards the world FDI investment as 8 percent of share. Before the bubble burst in 1991, Japans phenomenal growth was once admired and even feared as a juggernaut. Japan and the rest of Asia grew in tandem and basked in clustered regional prosperity, which the World Bank (1993) called the East Asian miracle. During 1985 to 1997 the developed countries received fully 71.5 percent of FDI flows. Of the G-7 countries, France, Germany, Italy and the UK sent more than three-quarters of their 1997 FDI flows to the rest of the OECD ; Canada, Japan, and the US sent more than 60 percent most recently. The common pattern was appearing as intra-industry FDI investment which was almost one-quarter and one-third of worldwide exports, according to figures from UNCTAD (1998). The most shares were accounted by foreign affiliates of all nationalities. Most of FDI investments went to advanced industrial countries. One popular way of describing such a regionally agglomerated growth with its FDI was the model of so-called flying-Geese formation. In this depiction, Japan served as Asias lead FDI investment target, the NIEs as the second-ranking and the ASEAN-4 as the third ranking geese, and China as a new latecomer. Characteristically, most FDI investments is concentrated heavily in industries characterized by high levels of research and development, a large share of professional and technical workers, and production of technically complex or differentiated goods. However Asias financial crisis seemingly disarrayed FDI investment during 1997-98. By looking at Japanese economy with the enormous FDI effect ever since the start of the 1990s Japan, a supposedly Asias lead FDI target, has been mired in a self-inflicted financial crisis ever since the bubble of 1987-1990, as well as Europe, Japanese flows boomed during the late 1980s, although have now fallen back to a position broadly in line with existing stocks which is now made all the more dangerous with a triple deflationsimultaneous declines in the prices of goods, real estate, and equity shares. The Japanese economy is in a vicious circle of a drop in share prices ?a decline in banks asset value and land prices as collateral? a credit crunch ? more business failures ? a rise in bad loans ? a further drop in share prices. Very recently (March 2001), the Bank of Japan adopted a drastic monetary policy to flood the second economy with liquidity. This policy is called iyoteki kanwa (quantitative easing), and unprecedented (some called twilight-zone) monetary policy designed to prevent price destruction in hopes of stimulating demand. Please refer the Figure 2 which shows the time series of FDI outflows relative to source country GDP. Outward flows from the developed countries in average about 1.3 percent of their GDP each year from 1993 to 1997. Noteworthy, the EU had much higher rate than rest of the world which was almost 2 percent of GDP if I calculate together among 19 countries of first EU. Ignoring the fact of intra-EU investments was more common. There was increase of outward FDI flows of their GDP from developing countries during 1988 to 1997 as average 0.3 percent to 0.8 percent during 1993 to 1997. While intra-OECD investment and intra-industry investment within the OECD have been long established facts, an emerging trend is the rise of FDI to developing countries. Before introducing through the flying-geese model, would like to go through the Outward FDI of Japan, the United States and Europe to give good insight of economic development and how the outward FDI increased as the economies grew world-wide. Multi-nationals are spread all around the world to exploit their chance of conservatives may describe as kokunai sangyou kuudouka in Japanese means, emptying national industries. Next chapter will introduce country or region-wise of development of Outward FDI. We would see how it happened on the time line of growth, and why it was necessary to activate as whole in the world by introducing the Outward FDI of Japan, the United States and Europe. 2. Location of multinationals: THEORY There are two main reasons why a firm should go multinational. To better serve a local market To benefit inputting from low cost FDI in search of low-cost inputs is often called `vertical FDI. Vertical FDI has its character of slicing the production cost to relocating part of this chain in a low-cost location or country vertically. For example, when a Japanese electronic manufacturing even though component manufacture companies which assemble electronic goods in Asia as Indonesia, Malaysia or Thailand, and final sales might take place in the US or third countries. The biggest merit is cheap inputs of labour in different skill levels starting from primary commodities, intermediate parts, or even externals, such as knowledge spill over. Vertical FDI usually create trade because products are shipped in different location when they find cheaper labour cost of assembling points away from the location where they produce small components and/or intermediate goods before assembly. The distinction between vertical and horizontal FDI can sometimes become blurred because one plant may serve both functions, others may not . It is totally depended on local cost to open a plant to serve a market. In contrast, FDI designed to serve local markets is often called `horizontal FDI. It has its character of involving duplicating parts of the production process as additional plants are established to supply different locations. This vertical FDI usually substitutes for trade, since parent firms replace exports with local production. The motive is to reduce the costs involved in supplying the market such as tariffs or transport costs or in some other way to improve the firms competitive position in the market. 2.1 Vertical FDI and factor endowments: This vertical FDI was introduced by Helpman (1984, 1985) and Helpman and Krugman (1985). Later on, Heckscher-Ohlin extended trade model with two factors of production and two sectors, one perfectly competitive, producing a homogeneous good under constant returns to scale, and the other producing differentiated products under increasing returns to scale. Firms in the increasing returns significant part of multinational activity takes the form of firms shifting a stage of their production process to low-cost locations in recent years. The idea of this recent vertical FDI trend is due to different parts of the production process have different input requirements. Since input prices vary across countries as Japan is high labour cost as many developed countries compare to the developing, it may be profitable to divide production, undertaking unskilled labour intensive activities in the country where they have sufficient output of labour. Many sectors have distinct headquarters and production activities in different countries and locations. When the firm could not find any incentive separating headquarters and production, firm may not activate multinational activity for example, in this vertical FDI model will create similarity of free trade in goods because the international equalisation of factor prices are almost equal to the contribution. However trade does not equalise factor prices if the relative endowments are sufficiently different. When one economy has a much higher endowment of labour relative to capital than the others, then there is a merit to go multinational and also profitable for firms to divide activities, putting the more capital-intensive part as headquarter of the firm in the country where there is enough capital. The capital-abundant economy evolves an exporter of functional headquarter to its production operations located in another economy. If the transport costs on trade in final goods are higher than factor price, then it may imbalance the equalisation the consequent international differences in factor prices. The consequent international differences in factor prices increase, then many firms may profit the incentives to divide production unless relative endowments are identical. Also in this analysis, there is regarding to the costs of dividing production. Firms may have to pay additional costs when they have their offices, headquarters and productions in the different countries which make multinational production less attractive. It depends on the interaction between these forces when comes to the decision whether firms go multinational, and where they locate different activities in the different countries. To analyse whether firms to go multinational or not, may very depends on the cost of transportation in distances from an economy where the firm located to the location where they import goods and/or components which they export at least some of their final output. Transport costs both on imports of intermediate goods and final products and on export sales are higher when firms are located far away from its origin. Since many firms need to face heavy transport to the locations further away from the origin, it is not attractive. In particular, the price of factors used intensively in the locations export activity will be low, so investment projects that are intensive users of these factors may be attracted to remote locations. The cost matter has always been discussed. It can be a big penalty for firms. It was introduced by Radelet and Sachs (1998). It is nearly impossible to escape from the cost but since these locations also face transport costs on their other trade-able activities, their factor prices will be lower. In general, when firms choose to locate in a particular country, it depends on the factor intensity of the project, relative to the factor intensity of other exports from the country, together with the intensity of project, relative to the transport intensity of other goods traded by the country. This shows some patters of the projects which they locate close to established manufacturing regions, and which will go to the countries far away.5 2.2 Horizontal FDI and market access: Many firms can choose if they want to supply by exporting or by producing locally in the different countries. This way is already being multinational. Under what circumstances will it choose to become multinational? Firms are required to pay additional cost when they want to establish local production factory. Some are production costs, both variable and fixed, their size depending on factor prices and technology. Also on top of establishment cost, some may have to pay more additional costs for dealing with foreign administrations, regulations, and tax systems. To cut down their additional cost, firms may create joint venture with local firms, give licensing arrangements, or sub-contract. The presence of plant level economies of scale will raise the cost of establishing foreign plants. As long as they can gain merit if they compare the cost production at home to the foreign factory. On the other side of effect, switching from exporting to local production will bring cost savings, the most obvious of which are savings in transport costs or tariffs. If the factory is close the market, they gain more advantage in shorter delivery times and ability to respond to local situations and preferences. Even when some accident or damage occurred to the operation of delivery from the factory to market, they can sort instead of sending labour from headquarters. Theoretical modelling of this sort of FDI has typically posed the issue as one of a trade-off between the additional fixed costs involved in setting up a new plant, and the saving in variable costs transport costs and tariffs on exports. Analysis is usually based on a `new trade theory model, in which there are distinct firms, and the issues of increasing returns and market structure are addressed explicitly (Smith, 1987, Horstmann and Markusen, 1987, and Markusen and Venables, 1998). The first point is that the value of FDI to the firm may realize net costs exceed in its budget, even a firm gain strategic value by establishing local production. In an monopolized environment each firms sales depend on the marginal costs of all other firms. If one firm reduces its marginal costs then it may stimulate rival firms to reduce their sales, and this will be of value. Essentially, firm who invested FDI may pay a commitment to supply the local market since they control the market. This commitment may change the behaviour of competitors. Turning to the location of FDI, the theory predicts that FDI will replace exports in markets where the costs of market access through exports especially in the countries where tariffs and transport costs are high, or where the costs of setting up a local plant are low. These predictions seem to be at odds with the facts of high (and rising) FDI between economies with low (and falling) trade barriers for example, within the EU and between No rth America and Europe, although the apparent contradiction might be resolved by the simple fact that countries with low trade barriers also tend to have low barriers to FDI. The theory also predicts that FDI is more likely to replace exports the larger is the market. There are two reasons. The first reason is that the fixed cost each plant by plant may differ. If the market is bigger, then the output of production has to be the larger. The second is that larger markets will tend to have more local firms. This means more competition in the big market than smaller markets. This competition in the big market will lead to a lower price. If the marginal cost of supply through exports is relatively high, be particularly damaging to the profitability of exporting, tipping the firms decision in favour of local production. Markusen and Venables (1998), they extend these models to a full multi-country framework, analyse the mix of multinational and national firms operating in each country. They sorted the multinational firms in the each country in size, and also in other economic dimensions, such as technology and factor endowments. Thus, as Europe has become inte grated as EU where is expanding the economic integration. Since EU creates common registration and trade barrier to the foreign investments for their economic protection on the other hand costs of supplying have been declining. So it has become more worthwhile for US and Japanese FDI to enter European market. The market size and factor endowment models suggest that all locations have some production, but only some locations will have FDI, meaning that FDI will appear to be clustered. Therefore there is some evidence that FDI is spatially more clustered than other forms of production. This could appear in the data for reasons we have already seen. Since foreign investors are able to access to invest to privatization programs easier than since cross-country variations in legal framework barrio has been lowered, particularly in transition economies where are growing, where Alternatively, clustering of FDI may be due to positive linkages between projects, creating incentives to locate close to other firms. There are several important mechanisms. One is the spill-over created by research and development. Another is gaining confidence and experience, and the possibility that firms come together; firms are not always sure whether FDI to a particular country is a good idea until they get results or advice from other firms. So they rely on the successful advice of forefront firms which have been invested FDI as a signal of underlying national characteristics. Arising supply and demand for intermediate goods have been extensively analysed, but not particularly from the perspective of FDI. 3. Japanese Outward FDI: I now review the empirical studies on the determinants of the location of FDI. I therefore organize the material of Japan. Japan is one of the heavily researched country who seems to be benefiting from FDI. First, the more than half of investment to developed countries were shared countries as Japan, the US, and EU. However the US was the dominant host. The feature of Japanese multinationals has a distinctive character which is the way export strategy has effective together with investment strategy. The heaviest Japanese investments were occurred in the US in the 1970s. During 1970s was in distribution boom rather than production. Japanese companies could market their durable-goods exports, such as automobiles. There were subsequent investments on automobile industries for their productive facilities to spread distribution networks within the world market especially in the US. Another result of this export success was that the threat of quantitative restrictions on exports, starting in the late 1970s, turned into a significant motivator for Japanese FDI in the US and Europe (Gittelman and Dunning 1992). They described that Japanese investment in both the US and Europe responded to such threats in trade balance, though investment activity in the US seemed to lead investment activity in Europe. It continued until several years during the 1980s. Japanese were expanding their distribution network in Europe while the Japanese were putting most of their efforts into productive facilities in the US in the early 1980s. After 1980s, there was trade off balance issue occurred in the US and Europe, so after investment in productive facilities, follow-on investment arrived to establish local production of inputs. A second characteristic of Japanese FDI is the significant amount of resource-based FDI, since Japan has no resource within their country. Particularly heavy investment was invested in Latin America and Australia (Caves, 1993, and Drake and Caves, 1992). As we see from table 2 that around one third of output from Japanese FDI in these regions is exported back to Japan. The third characteristic of Japanese FDI is its role in the development of the wider East Asian eco nomy. It certainly attracted Japanese investments because lower wage economies as a base from which to supply the Japanese market in short delivery distance and export to third markets which it has involved relocation of Japanese production. While FDI played only an important role after-war reconstruction purpose in the development of some of the first wave of Asian newly industrialised countries as Taiwan and Korea. The s

The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand :: assassination, Archduke Franz Ferdinand, war

After the following events, all the countries were ready for war, they expected it. Things were brewing from all 6 countries (Britain, Italy, France, Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia). The two alliances- Triple Entente (Britain, France and Russia, formed in 1907) and the Triple Alliance (Austria-Hungary, Italy and Germany, formed in 1882)-just needed a spark to ignite the war. This spark that possibly became the most likely cause of the start of war was the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir to the Austro-Hungarian throne. He was hated by the Bosnian people, because he made it clear that when he became emperor, things would change for his countries benefit and also because of the Balkan Crisis (when Austria Hungary gained control of Bosnia Herzegovina in 1908). Of course everyone was nationalist in those days. Everyone believed that their country was the best, the richest and the most powerful. They believed that they had the biggest empire and each person patriot to one’s country. Obviously did not like being ruled by another country especially a country that’s in the triple alliance. But many small countries did fear Austria-Hungary, because of one man who was powerful and rich. On 28th June 1914, Franz Ferdinand and his pregnant wife (Sophia)-were killed by a Serb nationalist, Gavrilo Princip, while on formal visit to Sarajevo (capital of Bosnia/Herzegovina). He and his wife were there to inspect the Austro-Hungarian troops. A Serbian terrorist group (named the Black Hand) had heard about the news of the Archduke’s visit and had planned several attacks to end his life. All seven young men of the group were specially trained in marksmanship and bomb throwing. Each was stationed along the route that the Archduke’s car would go. The first two terrorists were unable to throw there bombs because the street was too crowded, and the car was traveling quite fast. The third terrorist threw a grenade which exploded on the car after the Archduke’s. Although the archduke and his wife were unhurt, some of his attendants were injured and had to be taken to hospital. The Archduke insisted on visiting them at the hospital. But on the way there, the driver took a wrong turn and had to reverse. Gavrilo decided to take this chance and fired two bullets through the window. The first hit the pregnant Sophia in the stomach, which she died almost instantly.

Charles Dickens Essay

Pip describes a setting and makes dialog which emphasize him feeling small, alone, and helpless in a large world. His feelings of isolation and smallness in this chapter are shown in the description of his self’s presence in a large scene: â€Å"At such a time I found out for certain that this bleak place overgrown with nettles was the churchyard†¦ and that the small bundle of shivers growing afraid of it all and beginning to cry was Pip. â€Å"(10). This description contrasts with that of the life of Pip as a whole, shifting from a larger perspective to a smaller one instead of vice versa. Also, the feeling of helplessness overtakes Pip as he pleads, â€Å"Oh! Don’t cut my throat sir,† and, â€Å"Pray don’t do it, sir. â€Å"(10). Although Pip’s speech makes him seem helpless, ironically, the convict seems much more mentally deprived. The first chapter portrays the relationship between innocence and corruption. Pip visiting the graveyard provides an example of this theme, as his innocence contrasts with the graveyard’s death or horror connotation. Pip also encounters an escaped convict, with whom he differs with in deed, manner, and speaking pattern. For example, when forcing Pip to retrieve a file and wittles, the convict says, â€Å"Now lookee here†¦ the question being whether you’re to be let to live. You know what a file is? † and Pip later describes the convict leaving: â€Å"As I saw him go†¦ he looked into my †¦ eyes as if he were eluding the hands of the dead people, stretching up cautiously out of their graves to†¦ pull him in. â€Å"(11, 13). Despite the convict’s mistreatment of Pip, Pip sympathetically describes the convict leaving the churchyard. Errors in speech and child poverty create social commentary. For example, Dickens comments on the necessity of a country-wide education with the dialog of the convict, as the convict says, â€Å"Pint out the place! † instead of using the word â€Å"point. † (10). Furthermore, Pip makes deductions based on a small amount of evidence, as he concludes his mother was named â€Å"Also Georgiana† from the text on her tombstone. The novel also depicts the effects child poverty, as Pip speaks about his younger brothers â€Å"who gave up trying to get a living exceedingly early in that universal struggle† in reference to the hardships the poor faced and the carelessness towards lives of children (9). Bread falling out of Pip’s pocket as the convict overturns him also alludes to poverty. The first chapter defines the novel type and describes the protagonist, Pip. A bildungsroman novel describes a character’s moral or psychological development or experiences early in life. The childish narration of Pip and his name itself, meaning the seed of a fruit, conclude the novel to be of this type. Social commentary and Pip’s perspective characterize him as a naive narrator. For example, the convict flips him upside-down and Pip declares the object he looks at to flip over: â€Å"When the church came to itself – for he was so sudden and strong that he made it go head over heels before me†¦ † (10). In conclusion, Dickens accomplishes social and literary goals in this novel. He introduces a naive narrator and literary paradox in the first chapter. The importance of names inside the novel and contrasts of corruption and innocence show two primary motifs. Pip’s descriptions and observations make social commentary on the struggles of the impoverished and the need for widely available education. Meaningful names in the novel, contrasts between corruption and innocence, and social commentary also continue to appear further in the novel and serve as a basis for other themes.

Impact of Technology on the Environment

Impact of Technology on the Environment Free Online Research Papers Ever since the beginning of time, humans have tried to adapt to their environment. Controlling nature is an almost impossible task to perform, so humans began relying on technology to achieve their goals. Technology can maintain the well-being of humans, but at the same time, have negative side effects. Humans who created technology may end up being controlled by it. Sandra Steingraber, an ecologist, discusses the negative effects of petrochemicals on humans in her essay, War. Her essay also discusses how the period of war led to the country having a war mindset. Gregory Stock, a scientist who researches the potential of genetics, discusses the use of germinal choice technology to better the future generations, in his essay, The Enhanced, and the Unenhanced. Stock also mentions that GCT is inevitable and that we must prepare for it. David Abram, an anthropologist, discusses the role of magicians and how they are important for connecting humans with their surroundings. Abrams idea of a magician is not the same as the one understood in Western culture, in which the magician performs tricks and illusions. He says that a magician plays an important role in the ecological function by connecting the human world and the â€Å"more-than-human† world that we live in. Abrams essay, The Ecology of Magic, focuses on the definition of magic and that every living, and non-living, thing in the world is a form that can experience interactions with other forms. These three authors seem to talk about totally different topics, but they share one point. An over dependence on technology has lead to a negative impact on the relationship between humans and the environment. Technology is taken for granted most of the time, which can lead to a change in the way we interact with the environment and a change within ourselves. Steingraber wants to bring to our attention the fact that many chemicals were released without being tested thoroughly after World War II. Steingraber argues that many of these petrochemicals were known or possible carcinogens, and that is a direct relationship with the rise in cancer rates. Steingraber says, Thus, many carcinogenic environmental contaminants likely remain unidentified, unmonitored, and unregulated. Too often this of basic information is paraphrased as there is a lack of evidence of harm, which in turn translated as the chemical is harmless (608). This shows that humans dependence on technology has led to a negative effect on both their health and their environment. Humans trusted technology so much that they did not think of testing it as being important. Stock is an example of these types of humans. Stock b elieves that GCT is inevitable and that it is coming whether we want it or not. Stock does not give much thought as to the negative effects of GCT, just as long as it is released to the public. Stock says, The coming choices will force us to confront our attitudes about what constitutes as a meaningful life, our responsibilities to others, our prejudices, and what we mean when we say that all potential lives are equal and deserve protection (635). This supports the thesis in which, technology has changed how humans interact with one another and with their environment. Here, Stock is saying that the choice to use GCT or not will define us as human beings or not and it will change the way we look at our environment and how we value it. Abrams essay is based on this point. Humans interacting with other multiple intelligences is his sort of definition of magic. Abrams believes in the idea of multiple intelligences in which every form can experience another form. Therefore, this is related to the point Steingraber is trying to make in which we do not value nature as highly as we used to when we did not have technology. Abram says, We are human only in contact, and conviviality, with what is not human (17). This ties up the point that technology has changed the way humans interact with their environment. An over-dependence on technology has led to a change in the way people treat living, non-living things and their environment. Stock feels that GCT is a representation of the true human, instead of a danger to the human within, while Steingraber thinks that we will cause ourselves more harm with the production of petrochemicals. Stock does not look at nature and technology as two different things, but that humans are a part of the natural world. Stock says, That humans are a part of the natural world, as are the technologies we create. Furthermore, Stock feels that the development of germinal choice technology is the ultimate expression and realization of our humanity rather than a threat to what is human within us (Stock 630). The important idea here is that Stock believes that GCT is what humans are all about and it is something we must do. The irony of improving human lives lies in the fact that modernization often produces unintended negative consequences, or as Steingraber calls them, petrochemicals. As said by Steingraber, whenever we make synthetic molecules to solve one problem, they create ano ther. Steingraber said, Thus, synthetic organics easily interact with the various naturally occurring biochemicals that constitute our anatomy and participate in the various physiological processes that keep us alive. By design, petroleum-derived pesticides have the power to kill because they chemically interfere with one or another of these processes (Steingraber 601). Basically, what Steingraber is saying in this quote is that the petrochemicals we make to solve our problems easily interact with the biochemicals in our body and have negative effects on us. Steingraber believes that our attempts to move forward are actually bringing us back. Abram expresses this same idea but through a different example. Abram believes that our dependence on technology has made us less connected with the natural world, and therefore we cannot truly experience all forms of life. Abram says, As humans, we are well acquainted with the needs and capacities of the human body- we live our own bodi es and so know, from within, the possibilities of our form (10). In this quote we can see that Abram points out one of the reasons we depend on technology as we do today. We know our possibilities yet we want to go beyond them and explore our surroundings. We use technology to break the barrier between our goals and our limits. This usage of technology has made us less dependent on nature, and more curious about the unknown. The irony of improving human lives lies in the fact that modernization often produces unintended negative consequences. Steingraber gives an example of an attempt to better human lives, but ended with negative consequences, that affected her personally and affected the country for years to come. DDT, or dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, which at first had no use, was first used to halt a typhus epidemic in Naples. The effectiveness of DDT on the insect carriers of the disease led to the approval of the U.S. government to use DDT for civilian use. Steingraber says â€Å"It is one thing to fumigate war refugees falling ill from insect-borne epidemics and quite another to douse the food supply of an entire nation not at risk for such diseases† (Steingraber 603). This demonstrates the over-dependence on technology and how it can lead to negative effects. The DDT chemical easily attached to organs with high fat content and caused a rise in cancer rates. This is synonymous wit h Stocks use of germinal choice technology to alter any little imperfection we have. Stock not only wants to use GCT for curing diseases but also to alter any unwanted physical attribute. Stock says â€Å"Safety aside, though, why shouldn’t we try to give our future children the talents we did not have or eliminate deficiencies that held us back? If we could make our baby smarter, more attractive, a better athlete or musician, or keep him or her from being overweight, why wouldn’t we?† (Stock 639-640). This shows the new human attitude toward nature, in which, we use technology to change what we do not like. Stock makes it seem like it is normal, or it is inevitable, that you can choose how your future child will come out. Abram does not approve of this because it leads to a disconnection between humans and nature. Abram and Steingraber both believe that we do not have to use technology for everything, because there is always a natural alternative. For ex ample, Steingraber mentions that plastic used to be derived from plants rather than petroleum. Also for example, instead of taking pills for a headache, one could sleep it off. In conclusion, an over-dependence on technology has lead to a negative impact on the relationship between humans and the environment. Sandra Steingraber, Gregory Stock, and David Abram discuss totally different topics but they all have one major common point. Steingraber discusses the way we use technology for a good use, but end up with negative effects. She also talks about how technology has changed the way we value nature. Stock talks about the inevitability of advanced technology to change our physical appearance, but at the same time, this technology will widen the gap between human beings themselves and the environment. Stock does not see technology and nature as two separate things but that humans are a part of the natural world. Abram shows that relying on technology has severed our connection to the natural world and to the many forms that inhabit it. Also Abram discusses the theory of multiple intelligences in which every form can experience another form, which is s omething that the West lacks and the East thrives in. They show that technology can change us just as we used it to change our surroundings. Research Papers on Impact of Technology on the EnvironmentGenetic EngineeringPETSTEL analysis of IndiaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andStandardized TestingBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Project Managment Office SystemOpen Architechture a white paper19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

Presidential Policies essays

Presidential Policies essays United States Presidents have used the power of their office to establish policies to achieve a goal for the nation. One of the first major national goals achieved was Abraham Lincolns Emancipation Proclamation. The Emancipation Proclamation was issued by Abraham Lincoln on January 1, 1863, during the American Civil War, declaring all slaves within any State, or designated part of a stare...then...in rebellion... shall be then, thenceforward, and forever free. The proclamation conferred liberty on about 3,120,000 slaves. The states affected were enumerated in the proclamation; specially exempted were slaves in parts of the South then held by Union Armies. Lincolns issuance of the proclamation marked a radical change in his policy; Historians regard it as one of the great state documents of the United States. As a further result of the proclamation, the Republican Party became unified in principle and in organization, and the prestige it attained enabled it to hold power until 1884. The Stock Market crash in October 1929 marked the beginning of the Great Depression, a difficult economic period for the United States and other countries. The incumbent president, Herbert Hoover, lost the election of 1932 to Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt. Roosevelt campaigned on promises of a new deal for the American people. New Deal, was the name given to the peacetime domestic program of United States president Franklin D. Roosevelt, and especially to the innovative measures taken between 1933 and 1938 to counteract the effects of the Great Depression. Both Roosevelt and the Congress of the United States, in trying to reduce unemployment and restore prosperity, endorsed a wide spectrum of new federal programs and agencies. During Theodore Roosevelts administration many politicians and intellectuals accused Roosevelt of imperialism, the practice by which powerful nations seek to control or influen...

How Will Nanotechnology Affect The Future Economy Term Paper

How Will Nanotechnology Affect The Future Economy - Term Paper Example Nanotechnology will drive economic prosperity and will be an enabling factor in shaping productivity and global competitiveness (JEC, 2011). The information technology and the telecommunication sector will be greatly shaped by nanotechnology in the near future. We are bound to witness new computers based on quantum computing, these are not only faster in terms of data processing but are computers that can perform complex operations similar to those done by supercomputers. We are also bound to see faster and smaller telecom switches that will include optical switches. These are not only efficient but also highly cost effective and can be used for the mass populations without incurring huge costs of installation. The speed at which information will be transmitted will be high based on plasmonics and other quantum-level phenomena. This will mean high efficiency in terms of operations for individuals and organization because information will be readily available for decision making (Kaew kamnerdpong & Bentley, 2007). Another area that will be highly transformed is that of memory and storage such that the previous years so the use transistors but the trend is moving towards reconfigurable arrays that can be used to store large amounts of data in smaller spaces. As a result of nanotechnology we can expect the introduction of magnetic RAMs. Every nanobit of a memory device will be used in storing information. A look at the above elements in the field of information technology signifies faster, efficient, reliable systems that will be cost effective, avail information at the touch of a button and lead to improved productivity and decision making. This means improved economy as information is very important in any economy. Better decisions can be made easily, space can be highly utilized with large storage available and costs of operations are highly reduced therefore boosting the economy (Kaewkamnerdpong & Bentley, 2007). The New energy economy is proving to be highly d ependent on nanotechnology and therefore playing a central role in the future economy. This can be seen in its emerging application to solar power, the generation of hydrogen, batteries, lighting systems and window glass coatings among others. Its application will see the adoption of renewable energy sources and increase energy efficiency (Luther, 2008). Solar photovoltaic electricity production is one area that nanotechnology is highly applied. These are used to generate electricity from solar panels used in homes that are far away from the main electricity grid. This kind of renewable energy is important in any economy as it reduces the dependence on other sources of energy such as oil and natural gas. It is highly cost effective and its continuous use could spell huge gains in the economy as funds can be used in the development of other areas of the economy. A second area of application is in hydrogen generation where it is said to become the dominant fuel in future economy as a result of its conversion into electricity in fuel cells (Elcock, 2007). Though the processes used in the conversion requires huge investments in nanotechnology the end results are beneficial owing to the fact that it is renewable and that water and other sources are available for its continuous production. The hydrogen energy will be used to power machines especially vehicles such as

Develop a tourism planning Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Develop a tourism planning - Assignment Example If it is found not to benefit in any way then another option is picked. In the tourism planning several issues are regarded which encompasses the environment in which the actual planning is taking place. The socio-economic is one important factor, physical and political factors are considered when deciding on the planning. These are either interrelated or interdependent components of the system (Marcouiller, 1995). Just like any other planning, it is also in tourism that the planning aim is to achieve certain goals and objectives. This is the benchmark for any planning activity. The achievement of the goals and objective is done after a careful evaluation of the available resources and the needs of the peoples. This allows one to make efforts of marching the two given the available resources. The planning is a multi disciplinary activity in which a comprehensive and systematic approach is used to reach a comprehensive approach. It involves several steps, which are subject of revision as the process goes on (Reid, 2004). Tourism planning then has the following steps; defining of goals and the objectives, Identification of the system of tourism to adopt, Available resources, organization, Market availability, alternatives, evaluation of the alternatives, selection, and finally monitoring and evaluation. Goals and Objectives Setting the goals and objective in any organization will always allow the management to work in relation to a target. The goals in this case will be set after doing the SWOT analysis (Reid, 2004). This is very important, as it will enable as to appreciate the resources and challenges that we have so that we can define an appropriate goals and objectives to pursue. Before deciding on the goals, we will have to evaluate our past performance and current performance vis a vis the resources we have and the expectations of our customers. In setting the goals and objectives, we have to consider the strategies that are used by the competitors in the m arket. This will enable us to be at par with them or surpass them in the provision of services (Riley, Ladkin, & Szivas, 2010). Following the above set criterion, we will have to set our goals and objectives as follows; I. To launch an extensive advertisement of our tourist site all over the world and demonstrate that we are the site of choice given the diverse natural flora and fauna in our site. II. Modernize our system to meet the international standards. That is, including indoor pools in to provide services during winter periods. We also intend to improve maintain he infrastructural activities within our site. III. To collaborate with other stakeholders in an effort to create a brand name for our site and at the same time get involved in the corporate social responsibility to increase domestic tourism in to the site. IV. To increase the total revenue collection of the site by expanding both the local and the international market to maintain all round visitation into the site. T ourism System to Adopt In the planning, we are going to couple both domestic and international tourism. This is aimed at widening the market level of the customers. In the resent past, both international and rural tourism has shown remarkable increase and there is need to develop a system that will trap the looming potential of visitors in the site. We therefore want to modernize the rural tourism to attract the international